| Abstract | Anemija se pojavljuje u slučaju smanjene koncentracije hemoglobina ili eritrocita u krvi. Postoje dva tipa podjele anemija, a to su morfološki i kinetički pristup. Prema kinetičkoj podjeli postoje anemije koje nastaju zbog povećeg propadanja eritrocita, zbog gubitka eritrocita i zbog smanjenog stvaranja eritrocita. U morfološkoj podjeli anemije se dijele na mikrocitne, normocitne i makrocitne. Najčešća anemija u djece je sideropenična anemija, te ona nastaje zbog premale količine željeza u organizmu. Pojava sideropenične anemije u dječjoj dobi može uzrokovati kognitivna i motorička oštećenja. Manjak vitamina B12 i folne kiseline uzrokuje pojavu megaloblastične anemije. Ukoliko se djeca hrane kozjim mlijekom, a ne majčinim, slijedi nedostatak folne kiseline. Talasemija je vrsta hemolitičke anemije koju karakterizira poremećena sinteza beta globinskih lanaca inače normalne strukture. Talasemija ima nekoliko podvrsta, čije ime se temelji na vrsti lanca koji je zahvaćen. Kako se sama anemija pojavljuje kao podloga nekog drugog stanja, bitno je liječiti osnovnu bolest kako bi se i sama anemija mogla adekvatno izliječiti. Najvažnija je prehrana obogaćena željezom, u što spada meso, riba, školjke, jetra i perad. Što se tiče prevencije anemije, s njom je najvažnije započeti u trudnoći, a najviše je potrebna nedonoščadi, blizancima, novorođenčadi s niskom porođajnom težinom, novorođenčadi čije su majke oboljele od sideropenične anemije i djeca iz višeplodnih trudnoća. Medicinska sestra je osoba koja najviše vremena provodi s majkom, pa tako i s djetetom, i ona ima ključnu ulogu u prepoznavanju znakova i simptoma bolesti, zdravstvenoj njezi, edukaciji te pružanju potpore oboljelom i obitelji. |
| Abstract (english) | Anemia occurs when the concentration of hemoglobin or erythrocytes in the blood is reduced. There are two types of anemia division, namely the morphological and the kinetic approach. According to the kinetic division, there are anemias that occur due to increased decay of erythrocytes, due to loss of erythrocytes and due to reduced formation of erythrocytes. In the morphological division, anemias are divided into microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic. The most common anemia in children is sideropenic anemia, which is caused by too little iron in the body. The appearance of sideropenic anemia in childhood can cause cognitive and motor impairments. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid causes megaloblastic anemia. If children are fed goat's milk and not mother's milk, folic acid deficiency follows. Thalassemia is a type of hemilitic anemia characterized by impaired synthesis of beta globin chains of otherwise normal structure. Thalassemia has several subtypes, whose name is based on the type of chain that is affected. As the anemia itself appears as the basis of another condition, it is important to treat the underlying disease so that the anemia itself can be adequately cured. The most important is a diet enriched with iron, which includes meat, fish, shellfish, liver and poultry. As for the prevention of anemia, it is most important to start with it during pregnancy, and it is most necessary for premature babies, twins, newborns with low birth weight, newborns whose mothers suffered from iron deficiency anemia and children from multiple pregnancies. The nurse is the person who spends the most time with the mother, including with the child, and she has a key role in recognizing the signs and symptoms of the disease, health care, education and providing support to the patient and the family. |
