| Abstract | Ozljeda prednjih križnih ligamenata vrlo je česta danas. Cilj završnog rada je prikazati nastanak i rehabilitaciju u ranoj fazi ozljede. Koljeno je vrlo složen zglob pa je oporavak dugotrajan i mukotrpan. Kod potpune rupture ligamenta izvodi se operativni zahvat nakon kojeg bolesnik boravi na odjelu ortopedije i traumatologije. Slabo je pokretan pa se izvode vježbe cirkulacije i disanja kako bi se spriječile posljedice i oštećenja kardiovaskularnog sustava. U početnoj fazi je vrlo važno ukloniti bol i edem koji predstavljaju najveći problem kako za rehabilitaciju tako i za psihološko stanje pacijenta. Kako bi se smanjila upala, odnosno edem koristi se krioterapija. Važno je postići punu ekstenziju u zglobu u prvoj fazi pa se koristi kinetek za pasivno razgibavanje i aktivno potpomognute vježbe. Zbog imobilizacije snaga mišića natkoljenice je vrlo oslabljena pa elektrostimulacijom dobivamo poticaj mišića na pokret, a statičkim vježbama jačamo oslabljene mišiće, posebice m. quadriceps jer on izvodi ekstenziju, a u toj ranoj fazi baziramo se na tom pokretu. Bolesnika je bitno educirati o izvođenju svakodnevnih aktivnosti, naravno i hodanja sa štakama. Na početku bolesnik nikako ne smije punom težinom opteretiti nogu jer zglob nakon operacije nije stabilan i može se dogoditi ponovno oštećenje unutar zgloba. Smije opteretiti nogu minimalno tek toliko da dobije osjećaj položaja zgloba. To je ujedno i prvobitni cilj rehabilitacije, samostalno kretanje kao i obavljanje aktivnosti svakodnevnog života.
U kasnijoj fazi, kad bolesnik savlada prvobitne ciljeve, uvode se aktivne vježbe kojima se poboljšavaju motoričke funkcije kao što su snaga, propriocepcija i ravnoteža. Također bolesnika se priprema na profesionalne aktivnosti, te ako je osoba sportaš na aktivnosti u sportu. |
| Abstract (english) | Anterior cruciate ligament injury is very common today. The goal of the final paper is to show the occurence of injury and rehabilitation in the early stages of that injury. The knee is a very complex joint, so the recovery is long and arduous. In the case of a complete rupture of the ligament, surgery is performed after which the patient stays in the traumatology department.The patient is poorly mobile, so circulation and breathing exercises are performed to prevent the consequences of other systems of the human body. In the initial phase, it is very important to remove pain and edema, which represent the biggest problem in rehabilitation as well as for the patient's psychological condition. In order to reduce inflammation or edema, cryotherapy is used. It is important to achieve full extension in the joint in the first phase so kinetek is used for passive stretching and actively supported exercises. Because of immobilization, the strength of the muscles of the upper leg is greatly weakened, so by electrostimulation we gain the stimulation of muscles to move, and with static exercises we strengthen weakened muscles, especially m quadriceps because it performs the extension, and in that early phase we base on that movement. It is important to educate the patient about the performance of daily activities, and also of course how to walk with crutches. At the beginning, the patient must never put full weight on the leg because the joint is not stable after surgery and re-damage can occur within the joint. The patient may load the leg minimally, just enough to get a sense of the position of the joint. It is at the same time the original goal of rehabilitation, independent movement as well as the performance of daily life activities.
In the later phase, when the patient overcomes the original goals, active exercises are introduced with which motor functions such as strength, proprioception and balance are improved. Also the patient is being prepared for professional activities and, if the person is an athlete, for activities in sports. |
