| Abstract | Uvod: Spušteno stopalo je stanje koje se očituje sa spuštenosti medijalnog longitudinalnog luka stopala koje može biti djelomično ili potpuno. Osim različitih stupnjeva spuštenosti, spušteno stopalo se dijeli u takozvano fleksibilno i rigidno ovisno o tome mijenja li se spuštenost medijalnog longitudinalnog luka prilikom podizanja na prste stopala. Uzroci mogu biti opuštenost ligamenata, neurološka i mišićna abnormalnost, genetska stanja i sindromi te poremećaji kolagena i razvoja neuromuskularne kontrole. Faktori rizika koji mogu doprinijeti spuštenom stopalu su ako je dijete malo vremena boso, što rezultira slabim unutrašnjim mišićima stopala i slabim razvojem svoda stopala, pretilost u djetinjstvu, valgus deformacija gležnja te napetost Ahilove tetive. Dijagnoza spuštenog stopala može se postaviti uzimanjem plantograma ili pedobarograma te nakon uzimanja plantograma očita se Chippaux-Smirak indeks. Osim toga simptomi koji mogu upućivati da se radi o spuštenom stopalu su bolovi u stopalima, potkoljenicama i lumbosakralnom dijelu kralježnice, brzo umaranje pri hodanju i stajanju. Liječi se korištenjem ortopedskih uložaka te uz njih treba započeti s fizioterapijom čiji su ciljevi poboljšati gibljivost i elastičnost stopala te ojačati mišiće stopala. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi koliko djece na području sjevernog dijela Hrvatske ima deformaciju spuštenog stopala te što je doprinijelo razvitku deformacije.
Metode: istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku (N = 64) djece starosti od 6 do 10 godina. Djeci se uzimao otisak stopala te se vršio fizioterapeutski pregled koljena i peta, a roditelji su dobili anketni upitnik vezan za informacije o dječjoj obući, sportovima kojim se bave djeca. S otiska stopala uzimao se Chippaux-Smirakov indeks te su iz tih podataka dobiveni rezultati.
Rezultati: ukupno 39 % djece ima određeni stupanj spuštenog stopala od kojih je 56 % s prekomjernom težinom. Veći postotak dječaka ima spušteno stopalo te oko 55 % djece koja trenira atletiku, nogomet i rukomet. Prekomjernu težinu ima 16 % djece, a 17 % je pretile djece što ukupno iznosi 33 % djece s većom težinom od preporučene. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je najmanji postotak djece sa spuštenim stopalom, što se tiče vrste obuće koju djeca nose, kod onih koja ne obuvaju nikakvu obuću po kući/stanu.
Rasprava: iz rezultata može se zaključiti da je važno da djeca treniraju neki sport, ali ne sportove koji zahtijevaju nošenje uske obuće jer na taj način, iako aktivnost dobro utječe na mišiće stopala djeteta, vrsta obuće utječe loše. Zaključak: Spušteno stopalo sve je češće kod djece i postoci se povećaju kod djece s godinama. S fizičkom aktivnošću djeca reguliraju i tjelesnu težinu pa time također smanjuju mogućnost nastanka deformacije spuštenog stopala. |
| Abstract (english) | Introduction: flat foot is a condition that is manifested by the lowering of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, which can be partial or complete. In addition to different degrees of sag, the sagged foot is divided into flexible and rigid depending on whether the sag of the medial longitudinal arch changes when child is lifting on the toes. The causes can be loose ligaments, neurological and muscle abnormality, genetic conditions and syndromes and disorders of collagen and the development of neuromuscular control. Risk factors that can contribute to flat foot are if the child is barefoot for a short time, which results in weak internal foot muscles and weak development of the arch of the foot, obesity in childhood, valgus deformity of the ankle and Achilles tendon tension. The diagnosis of a flat foot can be made by taking a plantogram or pedobarogram, and after taking the plantogram, you read the Chippaux-Smirak Index from it. In addition, symptoms that may indicate that it is a flat foot are pains in the feet, lower legs and the lumbosacral part of the spine, rapid fatigue when walking and standing. It is treated with the use of orthopedic insoles, and together with that, physiotherapy should be started, the goals of which are to improve the mobility and elasticity of the feet and strengthen the foot muscles. The goal of the research is to determine how many children in the northern part of Croatia have this deformity and what contributed to the development of the deformity.
Method: the research was conducted on a sample (N = 64) of children aged 6 to 10 years. To the children were taken the footprint and a physiotherapy examination of the knees and heels was performed, and the parents received a survey questionnaire related to children's footwear information, about sports that they train. The Chippaux-Smirak index was taken from the footprint and the results were obtained from this information.
Results: the results obtained are that a total of 39% of children have some degree of foot drop, of which 56% are overweight. A higher percentage of girls have a flat foot and about 55% of children who practice athletics, football and handball. Excess weight is present in 16% of children, and 17% are obese, which means that a total of 33% of children have a weight above the recommended level. Research results have shown that the lowest percentage of children with flat feet, in relation to the type of footwear they wear, is among those who do not wear any footwear at home. the results of the research showed that the lowest percentage of children with a flat foot, as for the type of footwear children wear, is among those who do not wear any shoes around the house/apartment.
Discussion: from the results, it can be concluded that it is important for children to participate in some form of sport, but not in sports that require wearing tight shoes, as although physical activity positively affects the muscles of the child's feet, the type of footwear has a negative impact.
Conclusion: flat feet are becoming increasingly common, and the percentages rise as children grow older. Through physical activity, children regulate their body weight, which also reduces the likelihood of developing flat foot deformities. |
