| Abstract | Dijabetes melitus je kronična bolest koju karakterizira nedostatak inzulina, koja dovodi do povišene razine glukoze u krvi. Tipovi dijabetesa su: tip 1, tip 2 i gestacijski dijabetes. Tip 1 najčešće pogađa mlade i zahtijeva inzulinsku terapiju, dok je tip 2 povezan s pretilošću i neaktivnošću. Dijabetes je globalna epidemija koja uzrokuje značajne zdravstvene probleme i povećanu smrtnost. Liječenje uključuje prehranu, tjelovježbu, lijekove i edukaciju. Nutritivna terapija za dijabetičare usmjerena je na poboljšanje zdravlja kroz pravilnu prehranu koja održava ciljanu tjelesnu masu, glikemiju i lipidni profil. Plan prehrane uključuje energetski unos, broj obroka i pravilnu distribuciju nutrijenata, s naglaskom na mediteransku i DASH dijetu. Ugljikohidrati trebaju činiti 40-55% dnevnog unosa, dok je unos masti ograničen. Komplikacije dijabetesa djelimo na akutne (hiperglikemija, dijabetička ketoacidoza, hipoglikemija) i kronične (mikroangiopatije i makroangiopatije).
Psihičke smetnje su česte kod osoba s kroničnim tjelesnim bolestima i mogu utjecati na tijek bolesti. Psihički poremećaji u bolesnika sa tjelesnim bolestima uključuju depresiju, anksioznost i psihotične poremećaje, a kod psihičkih bolesnika često se javljaju tjelesne bolesti poput kardiovaskularnih bolesti i dijabetesa. Depresija je česta kod osoba s dijabetesom i može pogoršati stanje bolesti, dok pogrešno liječenje antidepresivima može utjecati na glukozu u krvi. Shizofrenija je kronični psihički poremećaj koji utječe na mišljenje, percepciju, emocije i ponašanje, često uz genetske i biološke čimbenike. Karakterizira je visoka prevalencija u urbanim sredinama, a liječenje uključuje farmakoterapiju i psihoterapiju. Bolest može uzrokovati tjelesne komorbiditete poput dijabetesa, koji se pogoršava antipsihoticima. Alkoholizam je također ozbiljan poremećaj s genetskim, psihološkim i socijalnim uzrocima, a često uzrokuje inzulinsku rezistenciju.
Istraživanje provedeno među 40 korisnika doma za odrasle "Bistričak" otkriva da većina ispitanika, koji boluju od dijabetesa nije dovoljno informirana o svojoj bolesti. Iako 52.5% zna prepoznati simptome dijabetesa, samo 42.5% zna definirati bolest, a znanje o hipoglikemiji je još slabije. Edukacija je rijetko primljena (77.5% nije nikada educirano), a većina njih bi željela znati više. Iako znaju kakvu hranu izbjegavati i zasto je važna fizička aktivnost, priznaju da se toga slabo pridržavaju. U sklopu istraživanja računao se i indeks tjelesne mase ispitanika, iz čega se saznalo da čak 75% ispitanika ima prekomjernu tjelesnu težinu. |
| Abstract (english) | Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by a deficiency of insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Types of diabetes are: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 predominantly affects young individuals and requires insulin therapy, while type 2 is associated with obesity and inactivity. Diabetes is a global epidemic causing significant health problems and increased mortality. Treatment includes diet, exercise, medication, and education. Nutritional therapy for diabetics aims to improve health through a proper diet that maintains target body weight, glycemia, and lipid profile. The diet plan includes energy intake, number of meals, and proper nutrient distribution, with an emphasis on Mediterranean and DASH diets. Carbohydrates should make up 40-55% of daily intake, while fat intake is limited. Diabetes complications are categorized as acute (hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia) and chronic (microangiopathies and macroangiopathies).
Psychological issues are common among individuals with chronic physical diseases and can affect disease progression. Psychological disorders in patients with physical illnesses include depression, anxiety, and psychotic disorders, while physical illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes frequently occur in individuals with mental health conditions. Depression is common in people with diabetes and can worsen the condition, while improper antidepressant treatment can impact blood glucose levels. Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder affecting thought, perception, emotions, and behavior, often associated with genetic and biological factors. It has a high prevalence in urban areas and is treated with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. The disease can cause physical comorbidities such as diabetes, which worsens with antipsychotic medications. Alcoholism is also a serious disorder with genetic, psychological, and social causes, often leading to insulin resistance.
Research conducted among 40 residents of the "Bistričak" adult home reveals that most participants with diabetes are not sufficiently informed about their condition. Although 52.5% recognize the symptoms of diabetes, only 42.5% can define the disease, and knowledge about hypoglycemia is even poorer. Education is rarely received (77.5% have never been educated), and most would like to know more. Although they understand which foods to avoid and the importance of physical activity, they admit to poor adherence. The study also calculated participants' body mass index, revealing that 75% of participants are overweight. |
