| Abstract | Tuberkuloza je zarazna bolest uzrokovana bakterijom Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Najčešće zahvaća pluća, ali može utjecati i na druge ograne. Prenosi se kapljičnim putem, kašljanjem, kihanjem ili govorom zaražene osobe. Jedna je od smrtonosnijih zaraznih bolesti, otprilike oboli svake godine 10 milijuna ljudi. Posebno je ova bolest rasprostranjena u državama sa nižim i srednjim ekonomskim statusom i države gdje je slab zdravstveni sustav, a među njima su Afrika i Jugoistočna Azija. Svaka bolest ima svoje rizične čimbenike, pa tako veliki rizik za oboljeti od tuberkuloze imaju pacijenti sa HIV infekcijom, odnosno imunokompromitirane osobe. Simptomi uključuju neprestani kašalj, bol u prsnom košu, gubitak težine, noćno znojenje i umor. Mikrobiološki uzorci su „zlatni standard“ u otkrivanju tuberkuloze. Najčešće se uzima sputum pacijenta, a uz to se uzimaju anamnestički podatci, radiološke metode, Mantouy test. Tuberkuloza je bolest koja je izlječiva, međutim potrebno je uložiti mnogo truda. Liječi se kombinacijom antituberkulotika prvog reda, a ukoliko dođe do rezistencije ove bakterije koriste se antituberkulotici drugog reda. Liječenje je dugotrajno i skupo.
Ovim diplomskim radom željelo se prikazati prikazati razliku među spolovima, dobnoj skupini, simptomi s kojima se osobe javljaju te način i dužina liječenja pojedinca. Postavljene su tri hipoteze, od kojih su dvije prihvaćene. Istraživanjem se pokazalo da učestalost pojave tuberkuloze pluća je u padu posljednjih godinu dana i da obolijevaju osobe starije životne dobi.
Budući da je tuberkuloza i dalje javnozdravstveni problem, medicinsko osoblje ima veliku ulogu za početak u prevenciji, a potom i kod liječenja tuberkuloze. Važan je naglasak na multidiscipliniranom timu, njegova suradnja je važna kako bi lakše došlo do izlječenja osobe. |
| Abstract (english) | Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs, but can also impact other organs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets, such as those produced by coughing, sneezing, or speaking by an infected person. Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest infectious diseases, with approximately 10 million people falling ill each year. This disease is particularly prevalent in countries with low and middle economic status and where healthcare systems are weak, such as in Africa and Southeast Asia. Each disease has its risk factors, and patients with HIV infection or immunocompromised individuals are at high risk for developing tuberculosis. Symptoms include persistent cough, chest pain, weight loss, night sweats, and fatigue. Microbiological samples are the "gold standard" for detecting tuberculosis. The most common sample taken is the patient's sputum, along with medical history data, radiological methods, and the Mantoux test. Tuberculosis is a curable disease; however, it requires significant effort. It is treated with a combination of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, and if the bacterium becomes resistant, second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs are used. Treatment is long and expensive.
This thesis aimed to present the differences between genders, age groups, the symptoms with which individuals present, and the methods and duration of treatment. Three hypotheses were proposed, two of which were accepted. The research showed that the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis has been decreasing in the past year and that the affected individuals are of older age.
Since tuberculosis remains a public health issue, medical staff play a crucial role, starting with prevention and continuing with the treatment of tuberculosis. Emphasis is placed on the multidisciplinary team, whose cooperation is essential for the successful recovery of the patient. |
