| Abstract | Svjedoci smo sve više teških bolesti kao što su maligni tumori. Prema registrima za rak vidljivo je povećanje broja, a maligni tumori su u samom vrhu bolesti kao uzrok smrtnosti. Ujedno se može zaključiti da će se i taj trend nastaviti. Maligni tumori svojim djelovanjem na organizam direktno smanjuju kvalitetu i dužinu života. Izlječenje pacijenata ovisi o više čimbenika: vremenu dijagnosticiranja tumora, vrsti tumora, mjestu tumora, pristupu liječenja, vrsti terapije, te nekim drugim. U medicini se kod liječenja malignih tumora koriste različite terapije. Neke od njih su kemoterapija, radioterapija, kirurško liječenje, bioterapija i antibiotska terapija, a primjenjuju se svaka zasebno ili u kombinaciji. Svaki od tih pristupa liječenju ima dobre strane, ali i neželjene učinke na zdravlje pacijenata. Najčešće primijenjena je kemoterapija/terapija citostaticima zasebno ili u kombinaciji. Ujedno je to terapija koja izaziva najviše neželjenih učinaka. Citostatici su opasne, toksične, kancerogene i mutagene kemijske tvari koje djeluju na tumorske stanice, ali i na zdrave stanice. Posebno educirane medicinske sestre/tehničari rukuju takvim lijekovima u posebno opremljenim prostorijama koje su opremljene s adekvatnom ventilacijom i digestorom u aseptičkim uvjetima, uz obaveznu osobnu zaštitu. Citostatici u dužem periodu izloženosti imaju neželjene učinke na zdravlje medicinskih sestara/tehničara. Rad s citostaticima sama po sebi je otežavajuća okolnost zbog rizika na zdravlje. Nuspojave i poteškoće vezane za kemoterapiju su mnogobrojne i česte, a komplikacije moguće. Najčešće nuspojave kod liječenja tumora su: bol, mučnina, povraćanje, nesanica, alopecija, febrilna neutropenija, umor, proljev, promjene na koži. Uz pozitivne učinke kemoterapije, pojavu nuspojava te smanjenje imuniteta organizma, konstantno su vezani i različiti rizici po zdravlje i život pacijenata poput dehidracije, infekcije, omaglice ili vrtoglavice koje dovode do pada pacijenata. Uz pojavu nuspojava i komplikacija vežu se i mnoge sestrinske dijagnoze i intervencije sestara, te je iz tog razloga liječenje kompleksno i izazovno. |
| Abstract (english) | Nowadays we are witnessing more and more serious diseases such as malignant tumors. According to the cancer register there is a substantial increase in numbers of malignant tumors and they are at the top of the disease as a cause of mortality, what brings us to conclusion that this negative trend will continue in the future. Malignant tumors directly reduce the quality and life expectancy. The treatment of patients depends on several factors: the time of diagnosis of the tumor, the type of tumor, the location of the tumor, the approach to treatment, the type of therapy, and some others factors. Various therapy approaches are used in malignant tumors therapy some of them are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical treatment, biotherapy and antibiotic therapy, and all of them can be applied separately or in combination. Each of these approaches has positive effects, but also consequences on the patient's conditions. The most commonly used is cytostatic therapy, alone or in combination, and this is also the therapy that causes the most side effects. Cytostatics are dangerous, toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals that act on tumor cells, but also on healthy cells. Specially trained nurses or technicians manage such drugs in specially equipped laboratories with adequate ventilation and digester in aseptic conditions, with mandatory personal protection. Cytostatics over a long period of exposure also have adverse effects on the health of nurses or technicians, therefore working with cytostatics represents an aggravating circumstance due to health risks. The side effects and difficulties related to chemotherapy are numerous and common, also complications are possible. The most common side effects in the treatment of tumors are: pain, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, alopecia, febrile neutropenia, fatigue, diarrhea, skin changes. In addition to the positive effects of chemotherapy, a decrease in immunity often occurs, as well as various risks to the health and life of the patient such as dehydration, infection, risk of physical weakness and dizziness. In addition to side effects and complications during and after chemotherapy, the interventions of nurses are also characteristic, which additionally represents the complexity and challenges in such treatment. |
