Cancer is the leading public health problem in the Republic of Croatia. The number of cancer patients in the world and in the Republic of Croatia is constantly increasing. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that the number of new cases worldwide will increase from 18 million in 2018 to 29.5 million annually in 2040, while the number of deaths will increase from 9.5 to 16.4 million annually. Malignant oncology is perceived by many as a death sentence, but modern medicine is constantly developing new treatment methods, even for more complex diseases such as cancer. Until recently, researchers and doctors believed that all cancers originating from the same seed were biologically similar, so they classified the disease based on cell type (determined by microscopic evaluation), tumor size, and the presence/absence of local lymph node involvement or distant metastases, as well as other characteristics that were observed in the tumor sample. It is now clear that tumors originating in the same organ can differ in a number of unusually important ways, although the "old" diagnostic parameters are still key elements for the treatment decision. One step forward is the possibility of classifying tumors based on important molecular therapeutic targets, identified within the last ten years using high-quality translational research. Targeted therapy is an innovative approach in the fight against cancer, and it shows a high rate. Thanks to this method, millions of people from different countries managed to cure a fatal disease and return to a complete life. Nurses face increasing challenges and opportunities in patient communication, support and advocacy given the availability of advanced testing, care and treatment in personalized and precision medicine.