Title Malarija: sveobuhvatan pregled epidemiologije, kliničke slike, dijagnostičkog pristupa i uloge medicinske sestre
Title (english) Malaria: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and the role of nursing professional
Author Silvija Erdelić
Mentor Tomislav Meštrović (mentor)
Committee member Valentina Novak (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Tomislav Meštrović (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Valentina Vincek (član povjerenstva)
Granter University North (University centre Varaždin) (Department of Nursing) Koprivnica
Defense date and country 2024-10-23, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE Public Health and Health Care Epidemiology
Abstract Malarija je infektivna bolest koju uzrokuju protozoe iz roda Plasmodium. Pojavljuje se u tropskom i suptropskom geografskom pojasu širom svijeta. Postoji preko 200 vrsta iz roda Plasmodium, međutim samo četiri vrste uzrokuju malariju kod ljudskog bića; Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale te Plasmodium vivax. Zajednička karakteristika svih vrsta je životni ciklus koji se sastoji od dvije faze odnosno: shizogonija i sporogonija. Shizogonija je početna faza te se odvija u nosiocu odnosno čovjeku, a označava nespolni razvoj parazita. S druge strane, sporogonija označava spolni razvoj parazita te se odvija u komarcu koji potječe iz roda Anopheles. Zaraza malarijom se širi zbog uboda čovjeka od strane ženke komarca, međutim postoji i mogućnost zaraze kontaminiranom krvlju. U povijesti, malarija je bila prisutna i na hrvatskom području, osobito na teritoriju Istre te okolnih otoka. Nakon borbe od gotovo dva stoljeća, zahvaljujući isušivanju močvarnih područja, malarija je uspješno eliminirana s naših prostora. Trajanje inkubacije ovisi o vrsti, ali najčešće se kreće između dvanaestog i četrdesetoga dana. Simptomi koji su prisutni kod svih oblika su: povišena tjelesna temperatura, žutica, anemija, splenomegalija te malarijski paroksizam. Jedina vrsta koja može uzrokovati smrt je Plasmodium Falciparum. Za dijagnosticiranje malarije, koriste se slijedeće metode: uzorak guste kapi periferne krvi te i razmaz periferne krvi metodom po Giemsi, brzi dijagnostički testovi pomoću periferne krvi, molekularna dijagnostika, mikrohematokritno centrifugiranje i bojenje fluorescentnim bojama, serološke te opće laboratorijske pretrage. Odabir lijeka za liječenje malarije ovisi o vrsti plazmodija i kliničkoj slici. Kod blaže kliničke slike najčešće se koristi klorokin, budući da je najpouzdaniji, osim kod infekcije P.vivax. Ukoliko je klinička slika težeg oblika, tada se pacijent liječi u jedinici intenzivnog liječenja intravenoznim artesunatom. Malarija predstavlja ozbiljan javnozdravstveni problem, budući da prema istraživanjima godišnje premine oko milijun ljudi od posljedica ove bolesti, stoga je izuzetno važna prevencija te sprječavanje širenja bolesti. Dobra edukacija populacije od strane zdravstvenih djelatnika može doprinijeti značajnim poboljšanjima, pogotovo kod ljudi koji putuju u endemska područja. Također pravilna higijena, prskanje insekticidima, zaštitna odjeća te mreže mogu doprinijeti velikom smanjenju širenja zaraze te samim time i smanjenja broja komaraca. Nijedna od ovih mjera ne može biti uspješna u potpunosti, stoga se uz ove mjere primjenjuje i kemoprofilaksa kako bi se što više spriječile fatalne posljedice bolesti malarije.
Abstract (english) Malaria is contagious disease caused by parasite genus Plasmodium. Its located at tropical and subtropical zone around the world. Genus Plasmodium has over 200 species, but only four species cause human malaria; Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax. A common characteristic all of them is life cycle which consists two phases: schizogony and sporogony. Schizogony is the first phase and takes place in human body, and means asexual development of the parasite. On the other hand, sporogony means sexual development of the parasitevand takes place in mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria infection spreads because of sting by female mosquito, but there is a possibility of infection by infected blood. Throughout history, malaria was attended on Croatian territory, especially in Istria and surrounding islands. After a struggle of almost two centuries, giving thanks to the draining of wetlands, malaria was successfully eliminated from our territory. Duration of incubation depends about species, but most often is about twelfth and fourteenth day. Symptoms that are present in all forms are: elevated body temperature, jaundice, anemia, splenomegaly and malaria paroxysm. The only type that can cause death is Plasmodium falciparum. The following methods are used to diagnose malaria: by the Giemsa method (peripheral blood), molecular diagnostics, microhematocrit centrifugation and staining with fluorescent dyes, serological and general laboratory tests. The choice of drug for the treatment of malaria depends on the type of Plasmodium and the clinical picture. With a milder clinical picture, chloroquine is most often used, since it is the most reliable, except for P.vivax infection. If the clinical picture is more severe, then the patient is treated in the intensive care unit with intravenous artesunate. Malaria represents a serious public health problem, since according to research, about one million people die annually as a result of this disease, therefore prevention and preventing the spread of the disease is extremely important. Good education of the population by health professionals can contribute to significant improvements, especially for people who travel to endemic areas. Also, proper hygiene, spraying with insecticides, protective clothing and nets can contribute to a great reduction in the spread of infection and thus in reducing the number of mosquitoes. None of these measures can be completely successful, therefore chemoprophylaxis is applied in addition to these measures in order to prevent the fatal consequences of malaria as much as possible.
Keywords
malarija
rod Plasmodium
prevencija
Keywords (english)
malaria
genus Plasmodium
prevention
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:122:187819
Study programme Title: Nursing Study programme type: professional Study level: undergraduate Academic / professional title: prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) sestrinstva (prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) sestrinstva)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Open access
Terms of use
Created on 2024-11-12 13:14:07