The significance of vaccination in the protection against infectious diseases can hardly be compared to any other public health measure in the history of mankind. Vaccines against which systemic vaccinations are carried out today are either nearly extinct or very rare. Historically, the importance of sexually transmitted infections has been neglected, and they still present a major burden on morbidity and mortality worldwide. Human papillomavirus infection is the most common viral sexually transmitted disease, linked to the development of many benign and malignant neoplasms of the squamous epithelium. Neoplasms are the second leading group of diseases that are causing death in Croatia, while cervical cancer is the second most common malignant neoplasm among women worldwide. Considering the proven causal link between HPV infection and the development of cervical cancer, the vaccine against certain types of HPV infections is the first and only vaccine to effectively prevent the development of malignant diseases. Existing HPV vaccines are responsible for dramatically reducing the rate of infections and consequent clinical manifestations caused by the types of HPV present in vaccines. The response to HPV vaccination depends primarily on parents’ awareness of existing free vaccination program against HPV and HPV related conditions, as well as on attitudes and preferences of parents to vaccinate their own children. In this paper, awareness and attitudes among mothers towards the HPV vaccination and their preference to vaccinate their children against HPV were examined using an online questionnaire. The results of the study indicate an excellent or satisfactory level of awareness towards HPV, while awareness towards HPV vaccine is satisfactory in less than half of the survey participants. Overall knowledge of HPV is statistically significantly higher among mothers of the medical profession compared to mothers of the non-medical profession. Likewise, mothers with higher level of education show a statistically higher level of knowledge than mothers with high school education, and the level of knowledge about HPV also increases with age of the respondents. Attitudes among mothers towards the HPV are related to the level of their total knowledge: lower overall knowledge links to lower accuracy of attitudes and vice versa. In terms of tendency to vaccinate their children against HPV, mothers are statistically significantly more likely to vaccinate their female children than male ones. Mothers with lower levels of education will statistically more likely vaccinate both male and female children. In order for the HPV vaccine to reach its potential as one of the most salient public health achievements of modern time, signifficant ammount of effort should be invested towards informing and educating both parents and potential recipients of the vaccine.