Pneumococcal diseases are diseases caused by a gram-positive bacterium called Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among the most common and serious pneumococcal diseases are pneumonia and meningitis, sinusitis, otitis, endocarditis, and certain other diseases. Due to a weakened immune system, pneumococcal diseases most often affect younger children, most often up to 2 years of age, and the elderly. The occurrence of pneumococcal infections in children can be very worrying, especially in developing countries and countries that do not have developed vaccination programs. Immunocompromised children suffering from other diseases have a significantly higher risk of developing more severe forms and complications of pneumococcal diseases and a higher mortality rate. S. pneumoniae is transmitted by droplets and close contact with an infected person, especially in the winter and spring months, which makes places where large numbers of children live, such as nurseries and kindergartens, a very fertile ground for the spread of infection. The most common pneumococcal disease that occurs in children is pneumococcal pneumonia. It starts abruptly and can be recognized by the fever and cough that often accompanies muscle weakness and pain. Pneumococcus can spread to the blood, body membranes, joints and other organs causing severe hearing and brain damage and in some cases even death. That is why timely diagnosis is important, based on physical examination and laboratory and microbiological tests of samples in which we can find this bacterium. Antibiotics are still the first medicine of choice in the treatment of pneumococcal diseases in children and adults, but in the last few years, there has been resistance, which is of additional concern and may lead to higher mortality and more serious complications in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to protect children as soon as possible after birth by using vaccines, thus encouraging a better immune response and preventing the onset and development of the disease. Proper storage and application of vaccines and education of parents or guardians of the child about the risks and benefits of vaccination are the main tasks of the nurse in the prevention of pneumococcal diseases in children.