| Sažetak | Štitnjača je endokrina žlijezda leptirastog oblika koja stvara hormone tiroksin (T4) i trijodtironin (T3). Ti hormoni su važni za normalan rad stanica u tijelu. Poremećaji štitnjače su česti, posebno kod žena, ali mogu se pojaviti kod bilo koje osobe. Otprilike jedna od 20 osoba ima neki oblik poremećaja štitnjače, koji može biti privremen ili trajan. Štitnjača se nalazi na prednjem dijelu vrata ispod Adamove jabučice. Sastoji se od dva režnja, desno i lijevo, koji su spojeni malim mostom tkiva štitnjače nazvanim istmus. Hormoni T4 i T3 se izlučuju u krvotok. T4 se pretvara u T3 u tijelu i T3 utječe na aktivnost stanica i tkiva. Nedostatak hormona iz štitnjače može usporiti funkciju stanica i organa, što se naziva hipotireoza. Autoimuni oblik hipotireoze naziva se Hashimotov tireoiditis. Hashimotov tireoiditis je česta autoimuna bolest štitnjače koja uzrokuje upalu. Antitijela koja se stvaraju usmjerena su na tireoglobulin i tireoidnu peroksidazu. Gluten, koji se nalazi u žitaricama poput pšenice, raži, pira i ječma, sve više se povezuje s autoimunim bolestima. Dijeta bez glutena se preporučuje osobama s Hashimotovim tireoiditisom radi ublažavanja simptoma, ali treba biti oprezan kako bi se izbjegli nedostaci određenih nutrijenata. Od dijetoterapije preporučuju se razni dodaci. Jod je potreban za stvaranje hormona štitnjače i može se pronaći u morskim algama, slatkovodnoj ribi, visokokvalitetnim multivitaminima ili dodacima prehrani. Tirozin je još jedna gradivna tvar za hormone štitnjače koja se može pronaći u crvenom mesu, piletini, ribi, plodovima mora, morskim algama i dodacima prehrani. Selen je važan za pretvaranje T₄ u T₃, prevenciju i liječenje autoimunih bolesti štitnjače. Može se pronaći u crvenom mesu, piletini, ribi, školjkama, brazilskim oraščićima, špinatu, visokokvalitetnim multivitaminima ili dodacima prehrani. Cink je potreban za pretvaranje T₄ u T₃ i reguliranje proizvodnje hormona štitnjače. Može se pronaći u crvenom mesu, jetri, dodacima prehrani, a preporučuje se i dodatak bakra. Željezo je potrebno za pretvaranje jodida u jod i T₄ u T₃, a može se pronaći u govedini, jetri, peradi, morskim plodovima, tamnozelenom lisnatom povrću, visokokvalitetnim multivitaminima ili dodacima prehrani. Omega-3 masne kiseline održavaju integritet stanica kako bi T₃ mogao učinkovito ući u stanice. Mogu se pronaći u masnim ribama, orašastim plodovima, sjemenkama ili dodacima prehrani. Vitamin D3 je potreban za zdravu imunološku funkciju i unos T₃ u stanice. Može se pronaći u sunčevoj svjetlosti, masnim ribama, svinjetini, šampinjonima, ribljem ulju, visokokvalitetnim multivitaminima ili dodacima prehrani. B vitamini su potrebni za zdravu funkciju imunološkog sustava i mogu se pronaći u lisnatom povrću, brokuli, repi. Vitamin A je potreban za zdravu funkciju imunološkog sustava i unos T₃ u stanice. Može se pronaći u narančastom voću i povrću, jetri, kelju, visokokvalitetnim multivitaminima ili dodacima prehrani. Hashimotov tireoiditis je autoimuna bolest štitnjače koja zahtijeva prevenciju i podršku pacijentima. Prevencija bolesti usredotočena je na održavanje općeg zdravlja putem zdravog načina života, uključujući uravnoteženu prehranu, tjelovježbu, san i upravljanje stresom. Medicinska sestra ima važnu ulogu u edukaciji pacijenata o bolesti, praćenju njihovog stanja, pružanju podrške tijekom liječenja i savjetovanju o načinu života.
Cilj ovog rada je ispitati koliko osobe zapravo znaju o Hashimotovom tireoiditisu, kako ispitanici ocjenjuju svoju razinu znanja o autoimunoj bolesti Hashimotova tireoiditisa. Smatraju li ispitanici da bezglutenska hrana može smanjiti simptome Hashimotova tireoiditisa, smatraju li ispitanici da sol utječe na rad štitnjače te što misle ispitanici da li bi osobe koje boluju od Hashimotova tireoiditisa trebale izbjegavati goitrogene namirnice. Primarni cilj ovog istraživanja je vidjeti koliko su sudionici upoznati sa bolešću Hashimotov tireoiditis te smatraju li da hrana i dijetoterapija mogu utjecati na simptome bolesti. Iz istraživanja možemo zaključiti da većina ispitanika zna što je Hashimotov tireoiditis i koje simptome uzrokuje. Međutim, iz istraživanja je vidljivo da sudionici nisu potpuno upoznati s prehranom i dijetoterapijom za Hashimotov tireoiditis. Manji broj sudionika se u potpunosti složio s tvrdnjama da osobe s Hashimotom trebaju izbjegavati gluten, pretjeranu konzumaciju soli, mlijeko, mliječne proizvode i goitrogene namirnice. Ipak, većina sudionika se složila da bi trebalo izbjegavati namirnice koje potiču upalu i uglavnom su znali da je rafinirani šećer jedna od takvih namirnica. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland that produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are essential for the normal functioning of cells in the body. Thyroid disorders are common, especially in women, but can occur in anyone. Approximately one in 20 individuals has some form of thyroid disorder, which can be temporary or permanent. The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck, below the Adam's apple. It consists of two lobes, right and left, connected by a small bridge of thyroid tissue called the isthmus. T4 and T3 hormones are secreted into the bloodstream. T4 is converted to T3 in the body, and T3 affects the activity of cells and tissues. A deficiency of thyroid hormones can slow down the function of cells and organs, a condition known as hypothyroidism. The autoimmune form of hypothyroidism is called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which is a common autoimmune thyroid disease that causes inflammation. The antibodies produced are directed against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. Gluten, found in grains such as wheat, rye, spelt, and barley, is increasingly linked to autoimmune diseases. A gluten-free diet is recommended for individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis to alleviate symptoms, but caution must be exercised to avoid deficiencies in certain nutrients. Various supplements are recommended as part of dietary therapy. Iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones and can be found in seaweed, freshwater fish, high-quality multivitamins, or dietary supplements. Tyrosine is another building block for thyroid hormones and can be found in red meat, chicken, fish, seafood, seaweed, and dietary supplements. Selenium is important for the conversion of T4 to T3, as well as the prevention and treatment of autoimmune thyroid diseases. It can be found in red meat, chicken, fish, shellfish, Brazil nuts, spinach, high-quality multivitamins, or dietary supplements. Zinc is necessary for the conversion of T4 to T3 and the regulation of thyroid hormone production. It can be found in red meat, liver, dietary supplements, and copper supplementation is also recommended. Iron is needed for the conversion of iodide to iodine and T4 to T3, and it can be found in beef, liver, poultry, seafood, dark green leafy vegetables, high-quality multivitamins, or dietary supplements. Omega-3 fatty acids maintain cell integrity to allow efficient entry of T3 into cells. They can be found in fatty fish, nuts, seeds, or dietary supplements. Vitamin D3 is necessary for a healthy immune function and uptake of T3 into cells. It can be obtained from sunlight, fatty fish, pork, mushrooms, fish oil, high-quality multivitamins, or dietary supplements. B vitamins are needed for a healthy immune function and can be found in leafy vegetables, broccoli, beets. Vitamin A is necessary for a healthy immune function and uptake of T3 into cells. It can be found in orange fruits and vegetables, liver, kale, high-quality multivitamins, or dietary supplements. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune thyroid disease that requires prevention and patient support. Disease prevention focuses on maintaining overall health through a balanced lifestyle, including a healthy diet, exercise, sleep, and stress management. Nurses play an important role in educating patients about the disease, monitoring their condition, providing support during treatment, and advising on lifestyle choices.
The aim of this work is to examine how much people actually know about Hashimoto's thyroiditis, how the respondents evaluate their level of knowledge about the autoimmune disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis, whether the respondents believe that a gluten-free diet can reduce the symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, whether the respondents believe that salt affects thyroid function, and what the respondents think about whether individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis should avoid goitrogenic foods. The primary goal of this research is to see the participants' familiarity with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and their beliefs regarding whether food and dietary therapy can influence the symptoms of the disease. Based on the research, we can conclude that the majority of participants are aware of what Hashimoto's thyroiditis is and the symptoms it causes. However, the research indicates that the participants are not fully familiar with the diet and dietary therapy for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A smaller number of participants fully agreed with the statements that individuals with Hashimoto's should avoid gluten, excessive salt intake, milk, dairy products, and goitrogenic foods. Nevertheless, the majority of participants agreed that inflammatory foods should be avoided, and they were mostly aware that refined sugar is one such food. |
