Title Tehnologija slikovnih senzora UHDTV1 videokamera
Title (english) Image sensor technology for UHDTV1 video cameras
Author Mario Baksa
Mentor Dragan Matković (mentor)
Committee member Andrija Bernik (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Dragan Matković (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Vladimir Stanisavljević (član povjerenstva)
Granter University North (University centre Varaždin) (Department of Multimedia, Design and Application) Koprivnica
Defense date and country 2023-12-05, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline TECHNICAL SCIENCES Graphic Technology Processes of Graphic Reproduction
Abstract Zbog želje gledatelja za većim televizorima s vjernijim prikazom sadržaja, pojavila se potreba i za rastom rezolucije, odnosno broja piksela koje je televizor sposoban prikazati. Stoga su donesene UHDTV norme, koje definiraju razlučivosti koje višestruko premašuju trenutno široko prihvaćenu normu HDTV. Ovaj rad donosi pregled razvoja relevantnih normi i prateće tehnologije, od analize faktora koji su utjecali na definiranje njihovih parametara, do analize problema s implementacijom i tehnoloških rješenja.
Fokus je na normi UHDTV1 (4K), koja definira rezoluciju 3.840x2.160 piksela, s brzinom izmjene slika do 120 slika u sekundi, bez proreda te s kvadratnim pikselima. To je popraćeno novim kolornim prostorima šireg gamuta, te velikim dinamičkim opsegom (HDR), s relativnom HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma), za proizvodnju sadržaja uživo, te apsolutnom PQ (Perceptual Quantizer) gamom, optimiziranom za unaprijed snimljene filmove i televizijske sadržaje.
Da bi se zadovoljili parametri norme UHDTV1, razvijeni su novi slikovni senzori. Rad objašnjava parametre i princip rada slikovnih senzora do razine fotoelementa, uspoređuje CCD i CMOS tehnologiju senzora, različite metode za registriranje boje (RGB prizma s tri senzora, Bayerov filtar), razmatra problem rolajućeg zatvarača te je napravljen osvrt na nekoliko senzora koji se koriste u UHDTV1 televizijskim kamerama (Grass Valleyevi senzori veličine 2/3": Xensium-FT i Xenios), te nekoliko Super 35 i full frame senzora korištenih u Canonovim kinematografskim kamerama.
Iako je dostupnost UHDTV sadržaja još uvijek ograničena te mnogi gledatelji nemaju uređaje za prikaz u 4K rezoluciji, ključno je da su donesene norme koje omogućuju implementaciju UHDTV-a u obje definirane rezolucije (i 4K i 8K) pa se s vremenom može očekivati sve veća dostupnost UHDTV sadržaja te sve rasprostranjenija mogućnost gledanja takvog sadržaja.
Abstract (english) Due to viewers' desire for larger TVs with more faithful content reproduction, there has been a need for an increase in resolution, i.e., the number of pixels a TV can display. Therefore, UHDTV standards were introduced, defining resolutions that far exceed the currently widely accepted HDTV norm. This paper provides an overview of the development of relevant standards and accompanying technologies, from analyzing factors influencing the definition of their parameters to addressing implementation issues and technological solutions.
The focus is on the UHDTV1 standard (4K), which defines a resolution of 3,840x2,160 pixels, with a frame rate of up to 120 frames per second, progressive scanning, and square pixels. This is accompanied by new color spaces with a wider gamut and a large dynamic range (HDR), featuring relative HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma) for live content production and absolute PQ (Perceptual Quantizer) gamma, optimized for pre-recorded movies and TV content.
To meet the parameters of the UHDTV1 standard, new image sensors have been developed. The paper explains the parameters and principles of image sensor operation down to the level of photoelements, compares CCD and CMOS sensor technology, different methods for color recognition (RGB prism with three sensors, Bayer filter), discusses the issue of a rolling shutter, and provides an overview of several sensors used in UHDTV1 television cameras (Grass Valley's 2/3" Xensium-FT and Xenios sensors) and several Super 35 and full-frame sensors used in Canon cinema cameras.
Although the availability of UHDTV content is still limited, and many viewers do not have devices capable of displaying content in 4K resolution, it is crucial that standards have been established to enable UHDTV implementation in both defined resolutions (4K and 8K). Consequently, an increasing availability of UHDTV content and a more widespread opportunity to view such content can be expected over time.
Keywords
UHDTV
HDR
televizija
senzor
kamera
Keywords (english)
UHDTV
HDR
television
sensor
camera
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:122:163247
Study programme Title: Graphical Studies: Multimedia, Design and Application Study programme type: professional Study level: undergraduate Academic / professional title: prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) inženjer/inženjerka multimedijske i grafičke tehnologije (prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) inženjer/inženjerka multimedijske i grafičke tehnologije)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Open access
Terms of use
Created on 2024-02-16 14:23:49